After his solid victory at Pleasant Hill, Major-General Nathaniel P. Banks decided not to press his advantage but instead retreat to Grand Ecore. As his troops and Rear-Admiral David D. Porter’s naval flotilla on the Red River fell back, the U.S.S. Eastport was severely damaged by a torpedo. Federal carpenters worked nonstop for six days to refloat the vessel, and she was finally relaunched on April 21.
The rest of Porter’s massive flotilla was in serious danger of being stuck in the falling Red River. Moreover, Banks feared that Lieutenant-General Richard Taylor’s Confederates would attack again, unaware that three of Taylor’s divisions had been sent to Arkansas. This left just 5,000 Confederates to face Banks’s 30,000, but Taylor still looked to attack and Banks still looked to retreat.
In addition, Banks was being pressured by General-in-Chief Ulysses S. Grant to end his campaign, as Grant had told Banks over a month ago that Brigadier-General Andrew J. Smith’s 10,000 troops borrowed from Major-General William T. Sherman’s Military Division had to be returned by April 15. Banks argued that he could not return the men until Porter’s flotilla was out of harm’s way.
News of Banks’s failure to capture Shreveport had not yet reached Grant when he wrote Banks from Virginia on April 18. Grant expected Banks to turn east as soon as he captured Shreveport and advance on Mobile, Alabama. Grant wrote, “You cannot start too soon. All I would now add is that you commence the concentration of your force at once. Preserve a profound secrecy of what you intend doing, and start at the earliest possible moment.”
The next day, Banks issued orders for his force to fall back to Alexandria. They began moving out on the 21st, discarding any equipment that might slow their march. That same day, a messenger from Sherman arrived to request that Banks return A.J. Smith’s Federals to Vicksburg, Mississippi. Banks gave him a message for Sherman: “He refused to return Smith’s command. The naval force is caught in low water with shoals above and below.”
When this news reached Grant, he told Sherman that it “satisfies me of what I always believe, that forces sent to Banks would be lost for our spring campaign. You will have to make your calculations now leaving A.J. Smith out. Do not let this delay or embarrass, however. Leave for him, if he should return, such directions as you deem more advisable. He may return in time to be thrown in somewhere, very opportunely.”
Banks’s Federals stopped at Grand Ecore long enough to burn the main warehouse there. The fire quickly spread to other buildings until the entire town was destroyed. Meanwhile, A.J. Smith’s Federals moved out from Natchitoches and burned that town as well.
The Federals moved quickly amid rumors that Taylor was closing in on them with 25,000 men. They reached Cloutierville on the 22nd, having retreated 32 miles since the Battle of Mansfield. Vengeful Federal soldiers burned nearly every home, barn, warehouse, and cotton gin in their path. Such wanton destruction enraged Confederate Louisianans, most notably Taylor himself.
The outnumbered Confederates could not give battle, but they harassed the Federals on the retreat and forced A.J. Smith to deploy his rear guard to fend them off. Meanwhile, a Confederate cavalry division under Brigadier-General Hamilton P. Bee worked its way around to block Banks’s retreat. Bee’s troopers secured high ground on Monett’s Bluff, which (supposedly) overlooked the only ferry the Federals could use to cross the Cane River (a tributary of the Red). At the same time, Confederate cavalry and infantry continued to harass Banks’s rear guard.
On the morning of the 23rd, Brigadier-General William H. Emory’s Federals approached Monett’s Ferry (also known as Cane River Crossing) and saw that Bee’s Confederates were well positioned in the brush atop Monett’s Bluff. If Banks was to get his army to safety, he would need to drive Bee off.
Emory’s cavalry “skirmished handsomely and briskly, driving in the enemy’s pickets until they got to the line of battle occupied by the enemy, which was very strong and defended by two batteries of eight pieces each, which crossed their fire on an open field, through which it was necessary to pass before we could reach the enemy’s position.”
Emory bombarded Bee’s Confederates with artillery while two brigades went looking for another crossing. Troops under Brigadier-General Henry W. Birge found an unguarded crossing about three miles upstream but, as Emory reported, “The ground over which Birge had to pass was exceedingly difficult, traversed by muddy bayous, high and sharp ridges covered by a dense growth of pink, and other topographical difficulties. His progress was necessarily very slow and tedious, and he did not get into position until late afternoon.”
Birge’s Federals began firing on Bee’s left flank. The Confederate line shifted to meet this new threat and withstood two charges. But the Confederates finally wavered and broke on the third charge, and Bee was forced to retreat. The Federals built a pontoon bridge across the Cane, allowing Banks’s army to cross the next day and continue their retreat to Alexandria. Federals suffered about 300 casualties in this fight, while Confederates lost about 50.
Taylor lodged several complaints about Bee’s conduct in the engagement, such as sending a brigade to guard a wagon train “for the safety of which I had amply provided for,” building no earthworks or other defenses, massing his troops in the center “where the enemy were certain not to make any decided effort,” and falling back 30 miles south “without making any further effort to stay or trouble the retreat of Banks.” Bee was ultimately relieved of his command.
By the 25th, Banks’s exhausted, demoralized troops arrived at Alexandria, the starting point of their failed effort to capture Shreveport. But Taylor’s Confederates still operated in the vicinity, and Porter’s flotilla was still in danger of being trapped above the Red River rapids. Confederate forces attacked the vessels from the riverbanks, inflicting serious damage.
Federal Chief of Staff Henry W. Halleck had learned of Banks’s failure from Porter, and he told Grant, “Whatever may be said, the army there has met with a great defeat and is much demoralized.” Actually the army had not met with any defeat except at Mansfield, but Banks had retreated anyway. Halleck wrote that Porter “speaks in strong terms of Banks’ mismanagement and of the good conduct of A.J. Smith and his corps. He fears that if Smith is withdrawn Banks will retreat still farther.”
Grant fumed to Halleck:
“General Banks, by his failure, has absorbed 10,000 veteran troops that should now be with General Sherman and 30,000 of his own that would have been moving toward Mobile, and this without accomplishing any good result… A.J. Smith will have to stay with General Banks until the gunboats are out of difficulty… Banks ought to be ordered to New Orleans and have all further execution on the Red River in other hands.”
Grant then stated that he had received two reports giving “deplorable accounts of General Banks’ mismanagement.” These, along with Banks’s own report on the campaign “clearly show all his disasters to be attributable to his incompetency.” Grant wanted Banks relieved of his command, but Halleck told him that since Banks was a politician who could influence voters, President Abraham Lincoln could not spare him at this time. Thus, the Red River campaign would continue to flounder on.
Bibliography
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